Contribution Of Robert Owen In The 19th Century Commerce Essay

Contribution Of Robert Owen In The 19th Century Commerce Essay Though Owen is considered to be paternalistic in his view, his contribution is of a considerable significance in the theories of Motivation. During the early years of the nineteenth century, Owens textile mill at New Lanark in Scotland was the scene of some novel ways of treating people. His view was that people were similar to machines. A machine that is looked after properly, cared for and maintained well, performs efficiently, reliably and lastingly, similarly people are likely to be more efficient if they are taken care of. Robert Owen practiced what he preached and introduced such things as employee housing and company shop. His ideas on this and other matters were considered to be too revolutionary for that time. 2) Jeremy Benthams The Carrot and the Stick Approach : Possibly the essence of the traditional view of people at work can be best appreciated by a brief look at the work of this English philosopher, whose ideas were also developed in the early years of the Industrial Revolution, around 1800. Benthams view was that all people are self-interested and are motivated by the desire to avoid pain and find pleasure. Any worker will work only if the reward is big enough, or the punishment sufficiently unpleasant. This view the carrot and stick approach was built into the philosophies of the age and is still to be found, especially in the older, more traditional sectors of industry. The various leading theories of motivation and motivators seldom make reference to the carrot and the stick. This metaphor relates, of course, to the use of rewards and penalties in order to induce desired behavior. It comes from the old story that to make a donkey move, one must put a carrot in front of him or dab him with a stick from behind. Despite all the research on the theories of motivation, reward and punishment are still considered strong motivators. For centuries, however, they were too often thought of as the only forces that could motivate people. At the same time, in all theories of motivation, the inducements of some kind of carrot are recognized. Often this is money in the form of pay or bonuses. Even though money is not the only motivating force, it has been and will continue to be an important one. The trouble with the money carrot approach is that too often everyone gets a carrot, regardless of performance through such practices as salary increase and promotion by seniority, automatic merit increases, and executive bonuses not based on individual manager performance. It is as simple as this : If a person put a donkey in a pen full of carrots and then stood outside with a carrot, would the donkey be encouraged to come out of the pen ? The stick, in the form of fear-fear of loss of job, loss of income, reduction of bonus, demotion, or some other penalty-has been and continues to be a strong motivator. Yet it is admittedly not the best kind. It often gives rise to defensive or retaliatory behavior, such as union organization, poor-quality work, executive indifference, failure of a manager to take any risks in decision making or even dishonesty. But fear of penalty cannot be overlooked. Whether managers are first-level supervisors or chief executives, the power of their position to give or with hold rewards or impose penalties of various kinds gives them an ability to control, to a very great extent, the economic and social well-being of their subordinates. 3) Abraham Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory : One of the most widely mentioned theories of motivation is the hierarchy of needs theory put forth by psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow saw human needs in the form of a hierarchy, ascending from the lowest to the highest, and he concluded that when one set of needs is satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator. As per his theory this needs are : (i) Physiological needs : These are important needs for sustaining the human life. Food, water, warmth, shelter, sleep, medicine and education are the basic physiological needs which fall in the primary list of need satisfaction. Maslow was of an opinion that until these needs were satisfied to a degree to maintain life, no other motivating factors can work. (ii) Security or Safety needs : These are the needs to be free of physical danger and of the fear of losing a job, property, food or shelter. It also includes protection against any emotional harm. (iii) Social needs : Since people are social beings, they need to belong and be accepted by others. People try to satisfy their need for affection, acceptance and friendship. (iv) Esteem needs : According to Maslow, once people begin to satisfy their need to belong, they tend to want to be held in esteem both by themselves and by others. This kind of need produces such satisfaction as power, prestige status and self-confidence. It includes both internal esteem factors like self-respect, autonomy and achievements and external esteem factors such as states, recognition and attention. (v) Need for self-actualization : Maslow regards this as the highest need in his hierarchy. It is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming, it includes growth, achieving ones potential and self-fulfillment. It is to maximize ones potential and to accomplish something. Motivation2 As each of these needs are substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant. From the standpoint of motivation, the theory would say that although no need is ever fully gratified, a substantially satisfied need no longer motivates. So if you want to motivate someone, you need to understand what level of the hierarchy that person is on and focus on satisfying those needs or needs above that level. Maslows need theory has received wide recognition, particularly among practicing managers. This can be attributed to the theorys intuitive logic and ease of understanding. However, research does not validate these theory. Maslow provided no empirical evidence and other several studies that sought to validate the theory found no support for it. TOP 4) Theory X and Theory Y of Douglas McGregor : McGregor, in his book The Human side of Enterprise states that people inside the organization can be managed in two ways. The first is basically negative, which falls under the category X and the other is basically positive, which falls under the category Y. After viewing the way in which the manager dealt with employees, McGregor concluded that a managers view of the nature of human beings is based on a certain grouping of assumptions and that he or she tends to mold his or her behavior towards subordinates according to these assumptions. Under the assumptions of theory X : Employees inherently do not like work and whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it. Because employees dislike work, they have to be forced, coerced or threatened with punishment to achieve goals. Employees avoid responsibilities and do not work fill formal directions are issued. Most workers place a greater importance on security over all other factors and display little ambition. In contrast under the assumptions of theory Y : Physical and mental effort at work is as natural as rest or play. People do exercise self-control and self-direction and if they are committed to those goals. Average human beings are willing to take responsibility and exercise imagination, ingenuity and creativity in solving the problems of the organization. That the way the things are organized, the average human beings brainpower is only partly used. On analysis of the assumptions it can be detected that theory X assumes that lower-order needs dominate individuals and theory Y assumes that higher-order needs dominate individuals. An organization that is run on Theory X lines tends to be authoritarian in nature, the word authoritarian suggests such ideas as the power to enforce obedience and the right to command. In contrast Theory Y organizations can be described as participative, where the aims of the organization and of the individuals in it are integrated; individuals can achieve their own goals best by directing their efforts towards the success of the organization. However, this theory has been criticized widely for generalization of work and human behavior. 5) Contribution of Rensis Likert : Likert developed a refined classification, breaking down organizations into four management systems. 1st System Primitive authoritarian 2nd System Benevolent authoritarian 3rd System Consultative 4th System Participative As per the opinion of Likert, the 4th system is the best, not only for profit organizations, but also for non-profit firms. 6) Frederick Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory : Frederick has tried to modify Maslows need Hierarchy theory. His theory is also known as two-factor theory or Hygiene theory. He stated that there are certain satisfiers and dissatisfiers for employees at work. In- trinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction. He devised his theory on the question : What do people want from their jobs ? He asked people to describe in detail, such situations when they felt exceptionally good or exceptionally bad. From the responses that he received, he concluded that opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction. Removing dissatisfying characteristics from a job does not necessarily make the job satisfying. He states that presence of certain factors in the organization is natural and the presence of the same does not lead to motivation. However, their nonpresence leads to demotivation. In similar manner there are certain factors, the absence of which causes no dissatisfaction, but their presence has motivational impact. Motivation3 Examples of Hygiene factors are : Security, status, relationship with subordinates, personal life, salary, work conditions, relationship with supervisor and company policy and administration. Examples of Motivational factors are : Growth prospectus job advancement, responsibility, challenges, recognition and achievements. TOP 7) Contributions of Elton Mayo : The work of Elton Mayo is famously known as Hawthorne Experiments. He conducted behavioral experiments at the Hawthorne Works of the American Western Electric Company in Chicago. He made some illumination experiments, introduced breaks in between the work performance and also introduced refreshments during the pauses. On the basis of this he drew the conclusions that motivation was a very complex subject. It was not only about pay, work condition and morale but also included psychological and social factors. Although this research has been criticized from many angles, the central conclusions drawn were : People are motivated by more than pay and conditions. The need for recognition and a sense of belonging are very important. Attitudes towards work are strongly influenced by the group. 8) Vrooms Valence x Expectancy theory : The most widely accepted explanations of motivation has been propounded by Victor Vroom. His theory is commonly known as expectancy theory. The theory argues that the strength of a tendency to act in a specific way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual to make this simple, expectancy theory says that an employee can be motivated to perform better when their is a belief that the better performance will lead to good performance appraisal and that this shall result into realization of personal goal in form of some reward. Therefore an employee is : Motivation = Valence x Expectancy. The theory focuses on three things : Efforts and performance relationship Performance and reward relationship Rewards and personal goal relationship This leads us to a conclusion that : Motivation4 9) The Porter and Lawler Model : Lyman W. Porter and Edward E. Lawler developed a more complete version of motivation depending upon expectancy theory. Motivation5 Actual performance in a job is primarily determined by the effort spent. But it is also affected by the persons ability to do the job and also by individuals perception of what the required task is. So performance is the responsible factor that leads to intrinsic as well as extrinsic rewards. These rewards, along with the equity of individual leads to satisfaction. Hence, satisfaction of the individual depends upon the fairness of the reward. 10) Clayton Alderfers ERG Theory : Alderfer has tried to rebuild the hierarchy of needs of Maslow into another model named ERG i.e. Existence Relatedness Growth. According to him there are 3 groups of core needs as mentioned above. The existence group is concerned mainly with providing basic material existence. The second group is the individuals need to maintain interpersonal relationship with other members in the group. The final group is the intrinsic desire to grow and develop personally. The major conclusions of this theory are : In an individual, more than one need may be operative at the same time. If a higher need goes unsatisfied than the desire to satisfy a lower need intensifies. It also contains the frustration-regression dimension. 11) McClellands Theory of Needs : David McClelland has developed a theory on three types of motivating needs : Need for Power Need for Affiliation Need for Achievement Basically people for high need for power are inclined towards influence and control. They like to be at the center and are good orators. They are demanding in nature, forceful in manners and ambitious in life. They can be motivated to perform if they are given key positions or power positions. In the second category are the people who are social in nature. They try to affiliate themselves with individuals and groups. They are driven by love and faith. They like to build a friendly environment around themselves. Social recognition and affiliation with others provides them motivation. People in the third area are driven by the challenge of success and the fear of failure. Their need for achievement is moderate and they set for themselves moderately difficult tasks. They are analytical in nature and take calculated risks. Such people are motivated to perform when they see atleast some chances of success. McClelland observed that with the advancement in hierarchy the need for power and achievement increased rather than Affiliation. He also observed that people who were at the top, later ceased to be motivated by this drives.

Crash Movie Analysis

Crash Movie Analysis Paul Haggis In 2004 wrote and directed the award winning movie Crash concerning a variety of intertwine experiences concerning racial relations and the levels of socioeconomic status of the varied cast of characters. This movie deal with how humans being contract with actual life situations and tackles how racial injustices and stereotypes effect our society by sourcing a division of customs, disregarding civil and human rights, and representation how racism can source cultural, moral, and economical distress. This comprehensive essay will deal with the cinematic constituents utilized right through the film, and offer a critical examination on the variety of components and methods utilized to generate this powerful and compelling film. Crash is a film that engages more than a few diverse stories and plots that all direct to somehow hook up the characters to each other in a sequence of incidents that occur throughout 2 days in California. America’s ever- rising melting pot is particularly signified in the movie as the viewers are introduced to a black detective of LAPD, two mischievous black car thieves, a white district lawyer and his discriminative wife, a white racist hit cop and his trainee partner, a black director of Hollywood and his wife, an furious owner of Persian shop and his family, and a blue-collar Hispanic man and his adolescent susceptible daughter. The characters unconnected yet interlinking stories were an extremely distinctive and efficient technique utilized to narrate this story in a provoking and extremely appealing manner. The theme of the movie is connected to the variety of features of prejudice. The mainly invasive theme is racism. The white copwhose father lost his janitorial business owing to special affirmative action practicesis fuming at African-Americans. A youthful African-American carjacker spurts the provocative Black Power expression of the 1970s. Stereotyping is an additional subject in the movie. For instance, the white wife of DA’s supposes the locksmith of being a member of gang since of his background. The conflict of cultures is demonstrated by the owner of Iranian store who construes the well-meant comments of the locksmith regarding a dented door as a shake-down for additional money. The subject of class difference is discovered in the distinction of characters. For instance, the African-American director and his wife are higher class in expressions of income and education even as the African-American police officer has afforded his means into a middle-class work and his bro ther a criminal and his mother is a drug addict. The DA’s wife, who exists in the well-off area of Brentwood of Los Angeles, is continuously grumbling in relation to her housekeeper/nanny, a stressed Latina. Cruelty is an additional idea investigated in the movie: a police officer sexually disgraces a naive woman, an HMO envoy erratically deny services to a anguish man, an annoyed man acquires a gun to obtain revenge in opposition to an naive man he believes has offended him, and an additional man is occupied in the contemporary slave trade. In actual fact, the occurrence of people’s cruelty is maybe the majority constant pattern. The stereotyping in opposition to one another is their incorrect beliefs regarding people; particularly about the diverse race (Sole, 2011).On the other hand, nevertheless, the movie as well encloses images of people’s humankind in addition, as the housekeeper approaches to the assistance of her employer, the police officer dangers his life to save the same woman he battered, and the carjacker confers up a prospect to sell a people van-load into slavery. Everybody engaged in the making of this movie added to the cinematic experience. In Crash The preponderance of the actors were most well-known and noticeable celebrities in Hollywood, for instance Sandra Bullock, Matt Dillon, Don Cheadle, and Terrence Howard. These movie stars sneakily carried the film with their sparkling performances and dramatic ability as they naturally contrived in the course of each scene with ease. The realism depicted by the actors fetched to life their characters and in spite of the susceptible and insecure topics in the movies they manage to fetch every character to life, give them their individual exclusive and separate personalities. In the movie the sound employed a contemporary dialogue and advanced every scene from an additional modern viewpoint. When slang terms were required by the characters it emerged to be utilized in a means that prepared the audience understand and narrate, for instance the dialogues amid the two black car thieves as they speak to each other by means of a apparently offensive word in the expression â€Å"nigger.† The country western and hip hop music being played and conversed by the two car thieves are important to the film since they indicate how music plays a large element in defining race and underlining a lot of diverse stereotypes. The songs that were element of the film soundtrack are played at instants that were important to the scene. The outstanding acting was not the merely perceptible constituent that let this award winning movie to connect the viewer. The movie begins with the out of focus shots of the car headlights which might perhaps be setting up the viewers to observe that the film characters will not be what they appear and might as well lack spotlight right through the movie as well. The cinematography about the preponderance of the movie is delicate as the director choose to spotlight additional on close-ups and the rare feelings on the actor’s expressions and faces. There are extremely few scenes where several action is essential to bear the film, however the scenes that do include action, for instance the carjacking attempted of character of Terrence Howard’s, Cameron, and the resulting chase of police in the course of Los Angeles, it was steady with the storyline and essential to the on the whole plot. The viewpoint shots that were utilized in the movie bring the observers additional i nto the action of the movie and decreased the space between the characters and audience. This permitted the a variety of stereotypes and depictions of the characters to turn out to be additional pronounced, and although a few of the stereotypes were a bit decorated as it relates to society of present, the implied realism was in reality deeply influential. Even though the in the film Crash cinematography is rather basic consecutively to spotlight additional on the acting, storylines, and on the whole subject matter of the movie, the editing of the movie is so elaborate that it is roughly offering the feeling of little movies in a movie as the scenes leap from every storyline. In the majority films the cinematography can effectively append credibility to the plot and development of character, letting a movie to have radiant construction and sensual detail. In Crash there are not numerous special effects, or contrasting lighting designs that have any minor effect on the appearance or sense of the movie. The film has several instants of low key lighting and the scene is mostly developed with the urban scenery of modern Los Angeles. Conclusion Stereotypes are not vague since they are all fake, other than since they are habitually surrogated for real depictions of individuals and experiences of life. Crash is capable to deal with a few stereotypes in a way that is interesting, yet thinking provoking by means of constituents designed to generate art in the course of cinema. The means this movie deals with societal prejudices and racism goes past the criticism we might be familiarized to in this age of conventional media and social networking openings, where anybody is capable to sight a huge selection of colorful social comments in addition to liberally express their free opinions. Other than the cinematic constituents used right through this movie, for instance location, the sound, movement of camera, editing, lighting, soundtrack, and the majority prominently the acting, radiantly contributed to the intersect storylines that modestly permitted the viewers to take a deep glimpse into their individual covert prejudices. References Haggis, P. (Writer Director). (2004). Crash [Motion Picture]. (Lions Gate Entertainment). Harris, Philip; Olson, Aaron; Levine, Deena; Shusta, Robert and Wong, Herbert. (1995). Multicultural Law Enforcement. 28-110 Sole, K. (2011). Making connections: Understanding interpersonal communication. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. (https://content.ashford.edu)

Wedding Speech - Best Woman or Maid of Honor :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Wedding Speech – Best Woman or Maid of Honor Good Evening! For those of you who don’t know me, I am Sarah, Frankie’s slightly older sister. I want to start by congratulating Frankie and Erik, and thanking all of you for coming here today. I of course have known Frankie, a very, very long time. Frankie and I have always been pretty much inseparable as long as I can remember and we have always managed to keep each other laughing. I vividly remember Frankie and I staying up until well past our bedtime, throwing stuffed animals at each other, talking about boys and laughing so hard at everything and anything. To this day Frankie is the only person I know that can make me laugh so hard it hurts. Now, I of course have lots and lots of fun embarrassing stories about her†¦but because it is her special day, I will leave her alone. But there is always Erik†¦Erik, Erik, Erik. The big bonus of Frankie and Erik dating as long as they have is that we have all gotten to know Erik really well, really, really well†¦he has become the big brother I never had†¦ or wanted. But honestly he has really become a part of our family. He hunts, drinks beer, and wears flannel so it wasn’t too much of a stretch. Now, I have been trying for weeks to come up with a single embarrassing story, something about meeting Erik for the first time, or the first time he met our family, and frankly I came up with nothing. Erik has always been polite, kind, and funny to everyone†¦EVERYONE†¦frankly man it’s a little spooky.

Is Assistance without Knowledge and Understanding Really Helpful? :: Essays Papers

Is Assistance without Knowledge and Understanding Really Helpful? According to the "demographic transition," after the industrial revolution death rates started falling more rapidly than birth rates causing an increase in population growth. When population growth drew the attention of scientists and policy makers in the 1950s, demographics and development in poor countries were the main concern but no real efforts were made to seek out solutions. Referred to as the World Population Conference, the first international meeting on population convened in 1954 in Rome. That year the Khanna study emerged as the first birth control program to have a control as well as a test population. Because the researchers expectations and schemas guided their perceptions and inquiries, biases plagued the Khanna study, which failed to show an effect of birth control on fertility rates. Foreign to the culture of rural India but aware of the serious population problem, the researchers developed the Khanna study with the assumption that the Punjabi people needed to and wanted to reduce their birth rates. In his book Myth of Population Control, Mahmood Mamdani explains that there was "a significant gap between the [researchers] perceptions and the reality of the village"(Mamdani, 35). The researching staff members were all of the urban, educated, middle class; they viewed children as financial burdens and therefore, believed that controlling birth rates would help Punjab move ahead economically. However, according to the article "New Perspectives on Population: Lessons from Cairo," it is "economic insecurity [that] encourages people to have large families"(Ashford, 31). Indeed, this was the case in the rural villages of Punjab, where people believe children are an asset to the family; more children mean more working hands. "Except for two staff members, no one was will ing to admit that the villagers might be acting rationally" when they choose to have many children (Mamdani, 48). Knowing and understanding the relationship of cultural, social, and economic factors in a population is clearly an integral part in forming successful assessments of and assistance to that population. The Khanna study researchers took for granted that the women in the Punjab villages who accepted the contraceptives were in fact using them. "Although 39 percent of the fertile wives had used the foam tablets, only 8 percent had used them consistently for four months or more" (Mamdani, 31). The researchers did not anticipate this confusion between "acceptance" and "use" because in their world of experience there was no difference between the two. Is Assistance without Knowledge and Understanding Really Helpful? :: Essays Papers Is Assistance without Knowledge and Understanding Really Helpful? According to the "demographic transition," after the industrial revolution death rates started falling more rapidly than birth rates causing an increase in population growth. When population growth drew the attention of scientists and policy makers in the 1950s, demographics and development in poor countries were the main concern but no real efforts were made to seek out solutions. Referred to as the World Population Conference, the first international meeting on population convened in 1954 in Rome. That year the Khanna study emerged as the first birth control program to have a control as well as a test population. Because the researchers expectations and schemas guided their perceptions and inquiries, biases plagued the Khanna study, which failed to show an effect of birth control on fertility rates. Foreign to the culture of rural India but aware of the serious population problem, the researchers developed the Khanna study with the assumption that the Punjabi people needed to and wanted to reduce their birth rates. In his book Myth of Population Control, Mahmood Mamdani explains that there was "a significant gap between the [researchers] perceptions and the reality of the village"(Mamdani, 35). The researching staff members were all of the urban, educated, middle class; they viewed children as financial burdens and therefore, believed that controlling birth rates would help Punjab move ahead economically. However, according to the article "New Perspectives on Population: Lessons from Cairo," it is "economic insecurity [that] encourages people to have large families"(Ashford, 31). Indeed, this was the case in the rural villages of Punjab, where people believe children are an asset to the family; more children mean more working hands. "Except for two staff members, no one was will ing to admit that the villagers might be acting rationally" when they choose to have many children (Mamdani, 48). Knowing and understanding the relationship of cultural, social, and economic factors in a population is clearly an integral part in forming successful assessments of and assistance to that population. The Khanna study researchers took for granted that the women in the Punjab villages who accepted the contraceptives were in fact using them. "Although 39 percent of the fertile wives had used the foam tablets, only 8 percent had used them consistently for four months or more" (Mamdani, 31). The researchers did not anticipate this confusion between "acceptance" and "use" because in their world of experience there was no difference between the two.

Jeremy and Adam Songs Essay -- Music Depression Blink 182 Pearl Jam Es

Jeremy and Adam Songs In this paper I will evaluate two songs that deal with depression and discuss their similarities and differences. The songs under evaluation are the early nineties hit Jeremy by Pearl Jam and the recent hit Adams Song by Blink 182. Jeremy, written by lead singer Eddie Vedder from Pearl Jams debut album, Ten, was a controversial song released in 1992. The song is about a boy named Jeremy who commits suicide one day in school. I have heard this song many times, but I never knew that it was about a real kid, Jeremy Delle, from Richardson, Texas. He was asked to obtain an attendance slip for missing the previous class, but when he returned he was carrying a shotgun and shot himself in front of his English class. This song also inspired a Seattle, Washington, teenager to take one of his classes hostage and kill his teacher and two classmates. In his trial he used the song as his defense but was still found guilty. Unfortunately this young man also had a history of depression in his family. Shortly after this tragedy, the music video for Jeremy was taken off the air because of its gruesomely detailed reenactment of Jeremy Delles suicide. At home, drawing pictures of mountain tops, with him on top Lemon yellow sun, arms raised in a V The dead lay in pools of maroon below The first stanza describes a morbid drawing that Jeremy is creating. This could be a setup for the listener to understand that Jeremy is depressed and is thinking of death. More accurately, the drawing is of Jeremy standing on top of a mountain with his arms outstretched toward the sun. At the base of the mountain is a pool of blood and dead people. The sun could symbolize the brightness and peace after death. Maybe Jeremy thought that d... ...he hall Please tell mom this is not her fault The next stanza describes the world after his death as one that continues to function as it did before. This encourages his thoughts of suicide because it makes his life seem so insignificant and that everyone will be fine without him. He also talks about how his room will be boarded up and no one will ever go into his room. All of his good memories will be lost and people will only remember his faults. I think it is very interesting that these two artists chose to handle this delicate topic by describing real events and memories. This approach makes both songs personal, believable, and easy for people to relate. Both songs follow the same pattern as well: a long period of feeling depressed followed by an act of suicide as a last resort to stop the continual pain. BIBLIOGRAPHY www.google.com www.lyrics.com

Sunshine and Shadow

New York: Sunshine and Shadow The â€Å"Sunshine and Shadow† section of the New York Documentary series by Ric Burns was certainly named for a purpose. Right at the start of the documentary section, it is made clear why the contrasting themes of sunshine and shadow are appropriate for New York in 1865. In the â€Å"Gilded Age† of America, there were two components of life in New York City. There was the image that was made visible to the general public and outsiders, which was the extreme wealth and expansion going on in the city at the time.This portion of the city is representative of the â€Å"sunshine†, symbolizing success, visibility, and fortune. Secondly, there was the latter part of life in New York City, the seemingly masked and forgotten aspect of New York City at the time, which was the poverty. This era in New York City marked a grossly contrasting socioeconomic age, with those living far beyond their needs, and the vast amount of poor living far belo w the poverty line. The rich businessmen in the city reaped millions from corruption, expansion, and laundering money, while the poor struggled to survive in packed tenements with large families.The poor worked constantly and brutally hard in low-paying factories, only to barely keep up with rent and food for their families. Corrupt businessmen such as Cornelius Vanderbilt and William Tweed illegally procured millions, redefining wealth, as the other half of New York City lived in disease and despair. There were mansions being built on 5th street, while several blocks away the other half of the New York City population struggled. Finally, in 1896, Jacob Riise published â€Å"How the Other Half Lives†, exposing the hidden aspects of life for the poor and sick in New York City.The publication contained real photos, taken of the tenements, bars, and homeless in the poor sections of New York. It brought to attention the unacceptability of the difference in lives of those in the à ¢â‚¬Å"sunshine† and those in the â€Å"shade†. The content in this documentary was represented extremely well, and it certainly displayed the feelings and happenings of New York City in 1865. The film did a good job of starting off explaining the contrast in wealth in the city during the time period, explaining the massive expansion and development of infrastructure that was occurring in the city at the time.It then moved on to the true happenings of the city at the time, which was the appalling poverty that plagued roughly half the city. The film was set up for a certain shock value, and it certainly demonstrated to the viewer the severity of the situation in the city. The documentary then went into further detail, thoroughly explaining the causes of the difference in wealth in the city. It did a very good job detailing the major events that explained the incredible wealth in the city at the time, such as the corruption and expansion.The documentary explained how place s such as the Brooklyn Bridge and Central Park became stages for outsiders to see the scale on which wealth differed in the city. I believe that the best part of the documentary was the portion explaining and going into depth about the tenements and poverty in some parts of the city. It showed images that helped viewers translate the situation that they’re being told about into real images and events. I believe that Ric Burns did a great job representing the Gilded Age of New York City, and the â€Å"Sunshine and Shade† aspect of it.My reaction to the events of the time period consists of anger and disappointment. I believe that America was supposed to stand for equal opportunity and a chance to succeed, but for immigrants new to the city, this was a falsity. Without pre-existing connections and job offers, the new world of New York City was nearly impossible for an immigrant to thrive in. As a result of the disproportion of wealth in the city, immigrants were simply t hrown into a growing pile of poverty.At the time period, the city needed presidential and governmental guidance and discipline, something that was clearly lacking. Thanks to overwhelming corruption and greed, the other half of the city was forgotten about and misused. The greed in the city at the time led to money being spent on the wrong things, leaving half of the population grossly uncared for. I certainly can say that I would not have wanted to live in this time period in New York City, despite it being the mecca of the United States at the time, and the center of expansion and growth.

Analysis and Evaluation of the Attractiveness of the Uk Market

The Apple TV: Analysis and evaluation of the attractiveness of the current UK market Executive Summary This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the three levels of the marketing environment for Apple TV and studies the attractiveness of the current UK market. It will consider the future success or not of the apple TV in the UK and from this analysis recommend the modifications and improvement apple should do.Most of the information in the report is based on market reports such as Keynote, Websites, Newspapers and finally the â€Å"Marketing an Introduction† (8th Edition) textbook (Gary Armstrong, Philip Kotler, Michael Harker, Ross Brenan; 2007) and the lecture slides provided by Michael Harker. The principal theories which were significant in the redaction of this report were the SWOT analysis and the PEST analysis. Results of data analyzed show that: †¢ Apple has a strong brand image and international popularity and makes large investment in research and devel opment. The television industry is radically changing with the appearance of a new type of television service, the internet television. †¢Apple TV has numerous and strong competitors. †¢Because of the strong position of its suppliers Apple suffers from the pricing pressure. †¢The Apple TV's price is too expensive. †¢The number of formats supported by the Apple TV is too limited. In conclusion we can recommend Apple to lower the price and increase the number of formats supported by the Apple TV. Apple should fabricate itself some of the Apple TV's components to be out of the pressure provided by its suppliers.Apple should also differentiate itself by increasing the number of Application downloadable for the apple TV and creating a special Touch screen working with the Apple TV. The reliability of this report is partially limited because it is concentrated on the study of the micro and macro environment. It is essentially based on secondary resources and some infor mation provided by non official and official website can be not impartial or not up to date. Furthermore Apple refuses to give too much information about the Apple TV and its finance. CONTENTS: Presentation page (p1) I)Executive Summary (p2) II)Contents (p3) II) Introduction (p4)III) Analysis and Interpretations (p4) 1) Micro-Environment (p4) A- The company (p4) B-The suppliers (p5) C-Marketing intermediaries (p5) D- Competitors (p5/6) D-Consumers (p6) 2) Internal Environment (p6) A-Employees (p6/7) B-Finance (p7) 3) Macro-Environment (p7) A-Political and economic (p7) B-Social (p7/8) C-Technologic (p8) D-Environmental (p8) E-Legal (p9) IV) Conclusion (p9) V) Recommendations (p10) VI) Bibliography (p10/11/12/13) VII) Appendix (p13) Introduction Created in 1976 by Steve Jobs, Apple Company is an American informatics multinational corporation which is headquartered in Cupertino, Silicon Valley.Best known for its skills in computers, Apple has diversified in recent years by venturing i nto the music industry and the mobile phone. Always attracted by new opportunities, Apple touches today with its Apple TV a market that it has never explored: the television. But is this new technology a good business idea and does this product have a chance to succeed in a country such as the UK? To answer this question and to give some advice and recommendation about the Apple TV this report will study its three environment level in the UK market.Every section provides an abstract rate which gives an approximate idea of the Attractiveness of the current UK market. Analysis & Interpretation I)The microenvironment First, this report will analyze the microenvironment which consists of â€Å"the actors close to the company that affect its ability to serve the customer†. (Gary Armstrong, Philip Kotler, Michael Harker and Ross Brenan; 2007, p) The company †¢These recent years Apple has managed to establish itself well in the world market. The company did not stop growing dur ing the last 10 years and became more and more efficient and competitive. Moreover, because of its exponential growth, opportunities are opening up to the organization such as the massive reinvestment in research and development. (Wikinvest, 2010) †¢Apple uses an effective advertising strategy and has a website easy to use, attractive, and informative. †¢Apple has an international popularity and a strong brand name which continue to increase the company in the world market. Rating: 8. 5/10 Suppliers †¢Apple requires each of its suppliers to meet the highest standards for all goods and services. Apple business environment is competitive and fast-paced.That is why their suppliers must understand this dynamic and be agile and flexible in responding to changing business conditions. (Apple,2010) †¢The most expensive components of the Apple TV are the processor A4 Apple designed and manufactured by Samsung (16. 55 dollar), the 8 GB flash memory products by Toshiba (14 dollar) and the chip supports from Broadcom Communications Wi-Fi and Bluetooth (about 7. 65 dollars). This doesn’t take into account the costs of research and development, product transport, logistics costs and even the marketing budget. cnet new, 2010) †¢With a net production cost of 64 dollars and a sale price of $ 99 U. S. , Apple's margin is not very important. We can also underline that Apple suppliers have a very strong position which can make Apple suffer of the pricing pressure. (macnn, 2010) Rating: 5/10 Marketing Intermediaries: †¢Apple Retail Stores: At the end of June of this year Apple had 293 retail stores open for business and during September Apple opened 24 new stores all around the world. In the UK there are 29 Apples stores. Besides during the month of June, store revenue increased 73% to $2. 78 billion and produced average store sales of $9 million. (postsateventide, 2010) †¢Others: Apple has also a large number of other retailers such as FN AC. †¢Apple has a large number of retailer which are efficient and provides the company an important revenue. Rating: 6/10 Competitor: †¢For this product, the search engine Google also launches into battle with its â€Å"Google TV†, designed by Japan's Sony and the U. S. Logitech. (BBC,2010) †¢Furthermore, in the United Kingdom the party may not be easy because of the success of TV offerings on the Internet, included in subscriptions providing triple play (broadband, TV, phone connection).ISPs Internet multiply the number of available channels and services: catch-up TV, VaD †¦ All at a competitive price yet (between 30 and 40 euros per month for the triple play). (oezratty, 2010) Companies such as SKY are well implanted in the market and don't stop growing and developing. (market report) †¢In addition Apple will have to deal with other products that already make the same type of services, such as game consoles lounge (Sony's PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 from Microsoft). (macgeneration, 2010) †¢ In the U. S. there are also cases very similar to the Apple TV, that start-up Vudu and Roku California, where boxing Box, D-Link. If they are a success they may extend to the rest of the world including the UK. (popsci, 2008) Rating: 3/10 Consumer: †¢Apple is marketing to people who have a few characteristics. Most of the time Middle/Upper income folks ages 12-35 who are willing to pay a bit more for a better user experience. Its consumers are people who enjoy technology and in this case especially people who like to conserve a lot of digital photos or video. The prime target seems to be an iTunes user who is already used to the Apple concept. But because of the Hi-Def nature of the Apple TV, only a small percentage of this target audience will really buy one. Rating: 3/10 II)The interne environment : Employees: Apple employees are trained to have very strong technical knowledge and to be very efficient in order to deliver a high standard of consumer service. Despite this, these recent years have seen the appearance of numerous scandals especially about its China factories' employees.Indeed stories about employees' suicide (BBC, 2010), employees' poisoning (Macobservers, 2010) and the presence of children of fifteen years old as employees (telegraph, 2010) has greatly tarnished the company's image. That is why Apple has seriously reviewed the maintenance of its factories in China to avoid further scandals (note a contract signed by the employees in whom they undertake not to commit suicide). Finance: †¢As Steve Jobs says, the analysis of their quarterly revenue makes us understand why â€Å"Apple is now a $50 billion company†: The Company posted revenue of $15. 68 billion and a net quarterly profit of $3. 8 billion. (Apple, 2010) †¢Apple has moved more than 250,000 units since the device went on sale. (MacWorld,2010) Rating: 5/10 III) The macro environment: This analyze will finally end with a study of he macro environment which consists of â€Å"the larger societal forces that affect the micro environment. † (Gary Armstrong, Philip Kotler, Michael Harker and Ross Brenan; 2007, p) Political and economic †¢Analyzing the political aspect of its company we can see that Apple is a stable organization which is located in 31 countries. When it comes to the economy the company tries to adjust to the economic situation of their market. Today they have to face the crisis of 2009 which created unemployment and inflation, and has impoverished most of the population. †¢Unemployment in the UK now stands at 2. 45 million, following a fall of 9,000 in the three months to October but the inflation rate rose to 3. 2%. The UK is still very affected by the crisis. (BBC, 2010) Rating: 3/10 Social To study the sociocultural aspect of the macro environment Apple, many factors have to be taken into account †¢The population of the UK is ageing. Over the past 25 years, th e median age increased from 35 years in 1984 to 39 years in 2009.It is projected to continue to increase over the next 25 years rising to 42 by 2034. (statistics. gov,2010) †¢The culture aspect of the Apple TV environment is favorable to the success of this product because the today’s society wants always to have new technology that is more and more efficient and developed and most people will not be afraid to purchase a new technology. †¢Easy to use, their product seems perfectly adapted to this segment of the population which, while appreciating the new technology, is especially looking for product easy to use providing a simple and fun interface.Rating: 5/10 Technological †¢To improve the technology aspect of the macro environment, the company makes use of various technological innovations that help in increasing productivity and improving the quality of their products. †¢Indeed, the television industry is radically changing with the development of a ne w type of television service, the internet television. Users are now being delivered directly to TV sets in broadband-enabled households around the globe and are now offered with free-to-view television via their online ideo players, giving them more choice about how and when they watch (researchandmarkets, 2010). †¢After the failure of the product’s first edition presented in September 2006, Steve Jobs announced a second-generation version of the Apple TV in September 2010 which seemed to have many advantages compared to its predecessor. About a quarter of the size and one-third of the price of the original Apple TV, the new Apple TV dispenses with the PC/Mac link altogether, to provide a direct connection to the Web and a video download service is included. With its new product, Apple makes new improvements in online video. It puts at the disposal of users thousands and thousands of online video programs accessible via the iTunes store. The Apple TV is easy to use and prevents users from buffering, downloading, stuttering, or subscribing. (LOUDERBACK, 2008) †¢Moreover, unequal access to broadband means that viewing TV via Internet with a good level of image quality is only accessible part of the population. (Oezratty, 2010) Rating: 3/10 Environmental Because Apple knows that the ecological aspect of its production is very important to improve its image to its clients, the company uses Greenpeace as a way to recycle its polluting components (Greenpeace, 2007). Rating: 5/10 Legal And finally to switch with the law component of the macro environment Apple makes sure they comply with what the law states in the country and they respect the regulated standards of the country. In the UK Apple has to follow the EU anti-competitive laws: †¢Both UK and EU competition law prohibit agreements, arrangements and concerted business practices which prevent, restrict or distort competition. They prohibit businesses with significant market shares unfairl y exploiting their strong market positions. (out-law, 2010) Rating: 6/10 Conclusion Apple has an international popularity, a strong brand name and has considerably increased its fund in research and development. Thanks to this, most of their products have been a real success (IPod, IPhone †¦) But as Steve Jobs says the apple TV is still a hobby for the company which would like to succeed one day in the television industry, and today this product is still too weak to succeed in this market. First, the price (119? is too expensive at a time when the market has switched to the online rental. Then, most of the users will prefer to access directly to their music, films and photo with their computer using the Shortcuts to which they are used. Furthermore the Apple TV does nothing more than the box of an operator even if it is simpler with an interface that is clear and entertaining. Its possibilities are even less at some levels, since the formats supported are those dubbed by Apple: H. 624, MPEG-4, M-JPEG, AIFF, MP3, AAC, JPEG, GIF and TIFF (to mention only the main).This new market is highly competitive and Apple is not sufficiently differentiated to its competitors. Finally, the Apple's suppliers have a too important influence on the company. Final rate: 4/10 Recommendations Following the Marketing environment analysis and the conclusion some advices can be recommended to Apple. †¢Lower the price. †¢For broadband, Apple may just wait or target its bid on these target audiences that may already be well connected. †¢Apple may also overshadow all other competitors on the market by creating an application â€Å"Store TV† as the Iphone. Increase the number of format supported by the Apple TV including the divX. †¢Apple should fabricate for itself some of the Apple TV's component such as the GB flash memory. †¢Increase the number of Application downloadable for the apple TV including the Iphone's application †¢ Created a specia l Touch screen working with the Apple TV which could provide the user a manual photo or video retouching system. †¢Avoiding scandals such as the China's ones and being stricter about its foreign supplier conventions. References Book: Marketing an Introduction† (8th Edition) textbook (Gary Armstrong, Philip Kotler, Michael Harker, Ross Brenan; 2007) Websites: -(wikinvest, 2010) Research and Development excerpt taken from the AAPL 10-K filed Jan 25, 2010. http://www. wikinvest. com/stock/Apple_(AAPL)/Research_Development -(Apple,2010) Apple and procurement, 2010 http://www. apple. com/procurement/ -(postsateventide, 2010) Apple and law of large numbers, Robert Paul Leitao, July 31, 2010 http://www. postsateventide. com/2010/07/apple-and-law-of-large-numbers. tml – (oezratty, 2010) Apple peut-il reussir dans la TV? 25 august 2010 http://www. oezratty. net/wordpress/2010/apple-peut-il-reussir-dans-la-tv/ – (macgeneration, 2010) L’Apple TV, console masque, Jean-Baptiste Giraud, October 2010 http://friendfeed. com/uberapple/47cd4a0d/lapple-tv-console-masquee-macgeneration -(Apple, 2010) Apple Reports First Quarter Results http://www. apple. com/pr/library/2010/01/25results. html -(statistics. gov,2010) Fastest increase in the ‘oldest old’, Office for National Statistics; General Register Office for Scotland http://www. statistics. ov. uk/cci/nugget. asp? id=949 -(researchandmarkets, 2010) Internet Television: 2010 to 2014 – Analyzing How the Internet will Change Television http://researchandmarkets. net/reportinfo. asp? report_id=1343728&t=d&cat_id= – (Greenpeace, 2007) Tasty news from Apple! http://www. greenpeace. org/international/en/news/features/tasty-apple-news-020507/ -(Out-law, 2010) Competition law – the basics, based on UK law, updated in April 2010. http://www. out-law. com/page-5811 Newspaper: -(BBC,2010) Google and Apple heat up battle for TV screens By Maggie Shiels http://www. bc. co. u k/news/technology-11521742 -(BBC, 2010) Apple boss defends conditions at iPhone factory http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/10212604 -(BBC, 2010) UK inflation rate in surprise October increase http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-11764588 -(cnet new, 2010) New Apple TV may cost less than $64 to build, October 5, 2010 http://www. macnn. com/articles/10/10/05/could. prove. more. profitable/. -(Telegraph, 2010) Apple admits using child labour, Malcolm Moore, 27 Feb 2010 http://www. telegraph. co. k/technology/apple/7330986/Apple-admits-using-child-labour. html -(MacWorld,2010) Apple sales top $20 billion in fiscal fourth quarter, Oct 18, 2010, Philip Michaels http://www. macworld. com/article/154967/2010/10/4q_earnings. html -(Macobservers, 2010) China Factory Workers Claim Poisoning from Apple Products October, 2010, Jeff Gamet http://www. macobserver. com/tmo/article/china_factory_workers_claim_poisoning_from_apple_products/ -(popsci, 2008) BATTLE OF THE INTERNET VIDEO BOXES: NETFLIX VS. A PPLE TV VS. VUDU, Sean Captain, 2008 http://www. popsci. om/gear-gadgets/article/2008-06/battle-internet-video-boxes-netflix-vs-apple-tv-vs-vudu -(macnn, 2010) New Apple TV may cost less than $64 to build, October 5, 2010 http://www. macnn. com/articles/10/10/05/could. prove. more. profitable/. Reports: -(LOUDERBACK, 2008) JIM LOUDERBACK, Apple TV's Extreme Makeover, PC Magazine 27 no7 58 Je 2008 http://www. keynote. co. uk/market-intelligence/view/product/1276/digital-tv/chapter/1/executive_summary -(market report) Digital TV Market Report, 2003 http://www. keynote. co. uk/market-intelligence/reports/category/new-media Graphs: -Appendix1: The microenvironment