Oligopoly Structure in the Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a report on Monopolies, Duopolies and Oligopolies in Australia. Answer: Introduction Monopoly, duopoly and oligopolies all are common form of markets exits in an economy. Monopoly is considered as the broadest games among these three forms. There are long policy debate regarding the existence of perfect competition and absence of it in the pure form. Presence of innumerable number of buyers and seller, selling identical products is a myth and so is the concept of perfect competition. Monopoly structure is found to exist when single sellers sells some unique product. In Australia market concentration is observed in supermarkets, in the financial sector concentration is among the four major banks and one monopolist Telstra in telecommunication industry. Summary of the Story The large players in the market easily attract investments and investors are always eager to in these sectors because of huge possible returns. Often regulators and government support their expansion to boost economic growth. However, now the opportunities for big business are fading because of a change in focus of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) that now become more aware of about the behavior of large player toward other suppliers and consumers. This weakens some oligopoly structure in the Australia. On the other hand, a possible break down of quasi monopoly structure of Telstra in telecommunication is realized. Once entry barriers controlled by National Broadband Network (NBN) are relaxed, the industry will have four other big players as suggested from the market research by Morgan Stanley (smh.com.au 2017). The removal of monopoly structure will attract new service providers to the broadband industry reducing prospect returns of Telstra in the business. The statistics revealed by Stanley shows new service providers entering in the business need 100,000 subscribers to reach to the break-even point. In order to earn satisfactory level of profit needed subscribers are 200,000 (abc.net.au 2017). This is quite large number for a new entrant to achieve. In the telecom industry it s believed that four player Telstra, TPG, Optus and Vocus have considerable competitive advantages. Since 2000, Consolidation has already begun in the industry. A major share of profit (80%) was previously enjoyed by Telstra and only 20% was left for three others and existing small providers. The ratio now becomes 60% for Telstra (Barry 2017). Vodafone Hutchison though is a large player in the mobile industry; it does not exist in the broadband service. Driving factor for decline in the number of competitors is the huge rapid expansion of TPG and Vocus acquiring a larger share in the industry. In the telecom industry a series of takeover is experienced with M2, iprimus, Dodo, Engin and some other joined with Vocus. With this, the market share of Vocus increased to 8 percent and that for TPG is 27 percent (Nabin et al. 2017). Economic theories and concept Monopoly in Australia Any market dominated by a single seller is considered as a monopoly market. In such a market structure sellers have exclusive control over price and quantity. The monopolist can set price such a high level that he can grab the entire consumer surplus alone. Some distinct features of monopoly market include the product sold in the monopoly market generally lacks any substitutes. There are barriers preventing any new entry in the market. As the product does not have any substitutes neither allows entry of few firms, the monopolists do not have any close competitors (Tyers 2015). Hence, the monopolist is the price maker in the maker in the market. There are some markets where one seller enjoy some natural advantages such strategic advantage, control over some mineral resources and others. Figure 1: Monopoly market and economic profit (Source: As created by Author) In a market, when share of any one firm is too much the market is also considered as an example of monopoly market. Telecommunication industry in Australia largely dominated b Telstra. The industry also prevents entry of some potential competitors such as Optus, Vocus and TPG (Hazledine 2017). The structure is now changing with the potentiality of becoming a oligopoly and duopoly. Oligopoly Oligopoly is concentrated form of market. However, the concentration is less than the monopoly. There are few large players having a significantly large share. Strategic interdependence is a feature of oligopolistic market share. The examples of oligopoly markets in Australia are petrol retailers, in the finance industry banks are well known examples of maintaining an oligopoly market structure. In the Supermarkets, there are also oligopoly players (Baumol and Blinder 2015). Duopoly In the duopoly market, there is competition between two large players. Duopoly is a reduced form of oligopoly market. Here, the two sellers sell a differentiated product to capture a greater market share. In the grocery market, Woolworths and Coles are two duopoly players (Fine 2016). In Australian airline business, duopoly structure is also found. There are some industries in Australia there are possibility of emerging a duopoly structure if barriers is relaxed. Recommendation Any form of imperfectly competitive markets generally not desirable. These forms of markets are unfair for consumers and they are often considered inefficient. In Australia, the threat of different forms of imperfect competition is growing rapidly. Regulation should be relaxed in the industries. New entrants should be given permission to enter in the market. In the telecommunication industry for example the dominance of Telstra should be reduced. It is difficult to make the industry fully competitive. However, some form of competition can be welcomed with allowing entry of potential competitors. In fact, oligopoly structure is better than the dominance of a single seller. NBN should allow TPG, Optus and Vocus to do business independently in the industry. Conclusion The paper evaluates a news article on Australias monopoly, duopoly and oligopoly market structure. Monopoly prevails in public utility services like water supply, electricity and infrastructure. These are natural form of monopoly. However, the telecom industry in Australia maintains a monopoly structure with dominance of Telstra. Recently ACCC has changed its focus and aims at reducing concentration. This troubles the big business that earlier receives support in maintaining their monopoly power. The paper considers the case of telecom industry. The same is the case for grocery retailers in Australian supermarkets. References ABC News. (2017).NBN likely to entrench broadband oligopoly: analysts. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-08/nbn-to-entrench-broadband-oligopoly/7310228 [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Barry, T.S., 2017. Regulating network charges in an upstream monopoly market that supplies a downstream retail duopoly: A potential framework for NBN pricing. Baumol, W.J. and Blinder, A.S., 2015.Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Fine, B., 2016. Microeconomics.University of Chicago Press Economics Books. Hazledine, T., 2017. Mixed pricing in monopoly and oligopoly: theory and implications for merger analysis.New Zealand Economic Papers,51(2), pp.122-135. Irvine, J. (2017).Get out of monopoly free cards can't be left to the roll of the dice. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-opinion/get-out-of-monopoly-free-cards-cant-be-left-to-the-roll-of-the-dice-20101026-172ax.html [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Nabin, M.H., Nguyen, X., Sgro, P.M. and Chao, C.C., 2014. Strategic quality competition, mixed oligopoly and privatization.International Review of Economics Finance,34, pp.142-150. Tyers, R., 2015. Service Oligopolies and Australia's Economy?Wide Performance.Australian Economic Review,48(4), pp.333-356.

Asylum Seekers Religion and Nationality

Question: Discuss about theAsylum Seekersfor Religion and Nationality. Answer: Introduction An asylum seeker is discussed as an individual who have requested for protection to another country after fleeing from his or her own nation due to safety issues. Their reason for fleeing mainly involves the fear of persecution on a variety of grounds like wars, race, religion, nationality or may be due to the expression of feelings which are perceived by the nation to be criminalist. The reason of persecution may also be due to the membership of the asylum seeker with a particular social group or political opinion that is severely looked upon as a negative aspect for the ordinary citizens. Different countries have different policies which they follow for granting the seekers access to their nation. The asylum seekers often tend to flee away from their nation under various risky situations and therefore need a much secured position in the new nation so that they may take shelter in the new area without many obligations. However often it is seen that the asylum seekers are much harassed in the new nation due to the various policies that the new nation follows to rant his application. Different countries have their own ways of judging the claims formed by the asylum seekers upon which the seeker is persecuted (Yoshida 2017, pg. 195). Australia had been no exceptions and with the government and its ever-changing rules is making the situation more tensed for the seekers. They are always detained for a large period of time which has no specific limitations and hence have to wait for an indefinite period of time for their applications to be considered and acted upon. The law about the fast tracking of the asylum seekers for seeking security on Australia under the condition of their participation in phase 1 trial is critically demeaning on the ground of humanity. It indeed can be considered as a serious ethical concern on the behalf of a government who instead of providing protection to the emotionally and physically drained shelter seekers are exploiting their seriousness of homelessness for their own benefits. A person who has to leave his place of origin undergoes a severe traumatic situation when travels to another country (Corbett et al. 2014, pg. 393-398). This results in huge emotional breakdown and also increases the chance of life risks. Exploiting such emotional situations of the asylum seekers are a big question on the ethics and the moral virtues of the Australian Government. They have a full critically analyzed idea that the seekers in order to get their application fast tracked would be ready to take any chances for the sake of shelt er and would be ready to accept anything for the sake of that time. Thereby Australian government had wittingly applied this technique to indulging a large number of participants for testing out their lucrative researches on them. If the results of the phase 1 clinical trials are positive, it would bring out huge profits for the Australian government in terms of scientific discoveries. However, if the phase I clinical trials have a negative impact on the the patients, it would be very stressful to overcome such issues. Phase 1 clinical trials are mainly performed on participants who get paid for participating in the trials. Over the year, participants are showing very less eagerness in the fields of scientific research due to their uncertainty about the effect of the drugs or the doses that are applied on them (Anderson 2015, ABC news). In such cases, it is indeed becoming very difficult to attract citizens for making them participate in the different researches. On the top of that the participants are also being paid by the government for participation. The government has therefore taken the decision to make the offer to the asylum seekers so that they can not only save the funds for research but also would not have to be concerned over the collection of participants for conducting the research (McPhail, Nyamori Taylor 2016, pg. 947-984). The step taken by the government is very controversial. This is demanded so because of the negative aspects that the existing policies that the government have for the asylum seekers are so strict and stringent, it automatically creates a concern when they seem to release new laws for them. On detailed analysis of the past experiences, as portrayed by BBC new, a large number of controversial cases can be noted. Australias coalition government had initiated the Operation Sovereign Borders in order. As per the government, they had done it in order to control the entry of the asylum seekers coming by boat and to check the visas provided by them (Hodge 2015, pg. 122-131). The military vessels parent in the waters has sent a large number of boats coming from Indonesia back in lifeboats and dinghies (BBC News, 2014). The government had said that they had mainly done so because they wanted to prevent the asylum seekers being controlled by criminal gangs. They have declared that they have ev idences where large number of Indonesian asylum seekers has tried to come to Australia by water routes, where they had to pay a large number of money to different types of people smugglers and have noted many deaths in this scenario. However, there lies a big picture behind it. Critics suggest that mainly a deep root of racial discrimination have played a very big role in the Australians proposing the policies (Rollins 2016, pg. 16). They have analyzed that the main reason for the opposition caused to the form of asylum seeking is mainly because of the fact of racial discrimination among them. Although the government had claimed that they have been able to save the integrity of its borders, their main concern of prevention of entry of other races had been the main motive. Another point that can also prove that the government are not of keen on the well being of the asylum seekers are the conditions of the shelters that they are providing when the cases of the asylum seekers are detained for inquiry by the government judging their claims. They are mainly done in the islands like the Manus Island in Papua New Guinea and also the Pacific Island Nation of Nauru (Woodhead 2016, pg 1161-1181). There are many evidences which suggest that even when the asylum seekers are found to be claiming justly and are allowed to settle as refugees, they are not allowed to enter and settle in the mainland of Australia (Rollins 2016, pg. 7). They are forced to continue their stay in the islands mentioned and are prevented from entering other areas in Australia. Even when they are allowed to stay there as refuges, proper hygiene conditions are not mentioned (BBC News, 2014). The refugees who are settling here suffer from inadequate maintenance of hygiene, unrelenting heat, cramped conditions and also lack of facilities. After the closure of the Manus island seekers due to order from the Supreme Court, no proper arrangements were taken as to where the people should move. All these unplanned procedures along with the different carelessness proved that the government was really reluctant over the issues of asylum seeking. Therefore it can be critically argued that the law which had been taken by the government will not benefit the asylum seekers in any way, rather will result in pushing the people into a zone of risks. The examples which are stated above already shows anti-asylum seekers feelings by the government which inevitably questions the real ethical and moral virtues that need to be exhibited by a government of a nation. They mainly show no concern for the asylum seekers rarely considering them as human who are in desperate need of making their lives normal. After the closure of the Manus Islands detentions centre, they were moved to the Christmas islands where already detentions centers were present. In course of time, reports came to pour about the increasing number of seekers becoming ill and are facing death. This was mainly because their health was being severely compromised while they are kept in detention (BBC News, 2014). Even children are also not given proper arrangement so that they can be able to live a better quality lives. All these led to the critics to provide their insights that the government had not been enough responsible to shower humanity on the asylum seekers and had been extremely selfish while handling the differ decisions of them. These had resulted in raising concerns over the immigration policies of Australia which even included children under detention (Sanggran, Haire Zion 2016, pg. 13-14). It thereby can satisfy the argument that is based on the concern whether the law published by the government for making the applications fast racked for the asylum seekers if they participate in phase 1 trials of lucrative pharmaceutical industry. The previous examples which are cited above gives a clear indication that the Australian government has no keen towards the development of health and life of the asylum seekers who are detained or are given the permissions to stay. They treat them as minority groups and often had exhibited an attitude of carelessness and a strong neglect. In this scenario, their initiative of taking them into phase 1 clinical trials with the bribe of making their application first paced is thereby criticized. This is mainly because it would act as giving stalks for fishing thereby providing an opportunity for the fish to have the stalk and at the same time getting caught by the fisherman. References: Anderson, S., 2015, Australias Treatment of Asylum Seekers May Damage UN Human Rights Council Bid, Gillian Triggs Says.ABC News. BBC News. 2014. Australia asylum: Why is it controversial? - BBC News. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28189608 [Accessed 28 Feb. 2017]. BBC News. 2014. Australia sued over asylum detainees' health care - BBC News. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28933493 [Accessed 28 Feb. 2017]. Corbett, E., Gunasekera, H., Maycock, A. and Isaacs, D., 2014, Australia's treatment of refugee and asylum seeker children: the views of Australian paediatricians.Med J Aust,201(7), pp.393-398. Henderson, C., 2014, Australias Treatment of Asylum Seekers From Human Rights Violations to Crimes Against Humanity.Journal of International Criminal Justice,12(5), pp.1161-1181. Hodge, P., 2015, A grievable life? The criminalisation and securing of asylum seeker bodies in the violent frames of Australias Operation Sovereign Borders.Geoforum,58, pp.122-131. McPhail, K., Nyamori, R.O. and Taylor, S., 2016, Escaping accountability: a case of Australias asylum seeker policy.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,29(6), pp.947-984. Rollins, A., 2016, AMA calls for independent scrutiny of asylum seeker health.Australian Medicine,28(8), p.16. Rollins, A., 2016, The AMA will speak up on asylum seeker health.Australian Medicine,28(5), p.7. Sanggaran, J.P., Haire, B. and Zion, D., 2016, The health care consequences of Australian immigration policies.PLoS Med,13(2), p.e1001960. Woodhead, M., 2016, Australian hospital discharges asylum seeker infant, into more controversy.BMJ: British Medical Journal,352. Yoshida, M., 2014, Australia's Treatment of Asylum Seekers. InProceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers Annual Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, Autumn 2014(p. 195). The Association of Japanese Geographers.

Aging with Grace

The Research Process The book â€Å"Aging with Grace† by David Snowdon regards a study based on the religious lifestyles of nuns in Good Counsel Hill convent. The research study or rather the nun study seeks to provide insight on leading healthier, longer, and more meaningful lives. The book describes the process and context of setting up and conducting a scientific study involving human subjects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aging with Grace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It offers a description of the scientist’s previous studies in epidemiology, which are different from the nun study experience. In the latter study, the study evolved over time with essential input from the nuns as â€Å"a way to continue helping and educating others† (Snowdon, 2001, p. 256). Essentially, the nun study maps the research study as a process limited in scope at the beginning, which later evolves to a more detailed study. The book raises several important issues on how a research study involving closed communities should proceed. Initially, the researcher had a limited understanding of the religious order of the nuns or the history of Notre Dames, his intended study subjects. He, however, gathered preliminary information before embarking on the study. The first step in research is gaining the approval of relevant authorities after proposing the study idea. In the research, identification of the research idea followed by preliminary investigation or background search is core to a later detailed research (Holliday, 2007, p. 141). Later, the nun study gains the approval of Sister Carmen, after agreeing to treat the subjects with â€Å"respect and care† (Snowdon, 2001, p. 257). In longitudinal studies involving closed communities, positive relationships between the researcher and the researcher are fundamental and have an impact on the findings. The researcher had to visit the Goo d Counsel Hill convent to understand the connection between the nun’s religious lifestyles and their longer and healthier living. This shows the importance of interaction between the researcher and the subjects in qualitative research design. Aspects of the Investigator’s Experience In research, particularly in epidemiological studies, the participants are many. As a result, relationships between the researcher and the participants are hard to establish, which is vital in maintaining scientific objectivity.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, in the nun study, the researcher was able to establish relationships with the participants. This, to me, is important particularly in studies involving qualitative data. The participants are able to reveal essential information based on these relationships. In gaining the approval of Sister Carmen, the researcher expla ined the significance of his research and the contribution of previous nun studies to medicine. Personally, I would like to have an opportunity to discuss my research idea with the authorities and professionals. In this way, I would gain expert advice that has potential implications on the research process and findings. The researcher in the nun study did a background search including consulting a Notre Dame, Nora Keenan. To me, literature review is essential in refining the statement problem and in refining the objectives of the study. It also provides information to support the need for the study. The researcher was passionate about his investigation. He had an earlier relevant experience when he used keep poultry. In fact, his passion for epidemiology stems from his experience with chicken and poultry diseases. Additionally, in the nun study, he was able to visit his study subjects, the nuns, at the convent. I would like to have a direct contact or interviews with the participant s in my research as opposed to using questionnaires to collect data. Reference List Holliday, A. (2007). Doing and Writing Qualitative Research. London: Sage Publications. Snowdon, D. (2001). Aging with Grace: What the Nun Study Teaches Us About  Leading Longer, Healthier and More Meaningful Lives. New York: Bantam Press. p. 256-257Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aging with Grace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Aging with Grace was written and submitted by user Hailee Livingston to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Critically evaluate the extent to which an organisation’s structure and culture may determine its ability to transform itself The WritePass Journal

Critically evaluate the extent to which an organisation’s structure and culture may determine its ability to transform itself ABSTRACT Critically evaluate the extent to which an organisation’s structure and culture may determine its ability to transform itself ). Organisational structure, on the other hand, is defined as the hierarchy of authority, communication and responsibility within an organisation (Daft Murphy, 2010). From these definitions, it is evident that these two organisational aspects have an influence on the implementation of organisational transformation. This report will critically evaluate the extent to which organisational culture and structure can affect the ability of organisations to transform themselves. 2.Theories of Organisational Change Insights about organisational change can be better developed by understanding the theories that govern these changes. There are six main models of organisational change. These are dialectical, life cycle, evolutionary, social cognition teleological and cultural theories (Kezar, 2001). The evolutionary theory is based on the assumption that transformations in organisations take place in response to external situations, or other circumstantial variables that are faced by all organisations. The teleological model, also referred to as the planned change model, assumes that organisational transformation takes place when stakeholders see the need for change (Bouckenooghe, 2010). This model’s linear nature is comparable to that of evolutionary theory, but managers are more involved in the teleological model. The life cycle model conceptualises change as a developmental process of an organisation over time. The dialectical theory visualizes organisational change as a process that occu rs because of differences in ideologies and beliefs of people within the organisation. The social cognition model assumes that change is connected to learning and changing of behaviours among people in the organisation (Burnes, 1996). The cultural approach to organisational change assumes that change takes place in a natural way to respond to the cultural transformations that are always taking place. Understanding these theories aids in the assessment of change in the macro-levels of organizations. They give reasons as to why, when, how and what changes are bound to occur in organizations (Dawson, 2003). Furthermore, every model that has been explained above stands for a unique ideology that relates with its assumptions about different aspects of the organization. Some of these aspects include the ease of implementing change in the organization. In literature and practice, it has been established that the teleological and evolutionary models are the most prevalent (Kezar, 2001). The teleological model is synonymous with planned change while the evolutionary model is synonymous with incremental change. These types of change have been explained below. 3.Types of Organisational Change There are three types of organisational change, planned, emergent and incremental (Myers et al., 2012, p.58). Planned organisational change is constructed on the assumption that an organisation operates in an environment that is stable. Thus, transformations are pre-meditated and executed systematically. Emergent change is a continuous open-ended process that is characterised by unpredictability and an emphasis on the bottom-up approach to management. Incremental transformation tries to synchronize the performance of an organisation with the situations that characterise its external environment (Daft Murphy, 2010). 4.Effects of Organisational Culture on its Ability to Transform Organisational culture, as aforementioned, is made up of values and beliefs which shape the behaviours and norms within an organisation. Thus, it has an influence on the way organisational processes take place. One attribute of organisational culture that can be used to gauge the extent of its impact on the ability of an organisation to change is its capacity for risk taking (Kezar, 2001; Curran, 2005). According to Curran (2005), research has suggested that risk cultures facilitate adaptability and innovativeness in organisations. When changes take place within an organisation, there is always an element of risk and uncertainty that accompanies it. Organisations that have cultivated a culture of risk enable their managers and employees to comfortably make choices different to those which they might otherwise have made, without being afraid that their choices fail. The social cognition model of organisational change also stresses   the need for organisations to create a culture tha t supports risk, allowing change in organisational processes without fear of failure. According to Kezar (2001), organisations that are characterised by risky and flexible cultures have the ability to make quick responses to sudden issues and crises. In addition to this, they are able to successfully adapt their business techniques to new trends, regardless of the outcome.   A culture that can be described as dynamic and flexible is the ‘adhocratic’ culture. This is exemplified by companies like Google, whose abilities to develop new services to capture markets have made them leaders in their industry. This is a typical display of the evolutionary model of organisational change (Curran, 2005). There are also other aspects and types of organisational culture which slow down transformation. Transformation does not take place until it is planned (Ford et al., 2008). Cultures that fit this description are those that are stable, orderly and are in control. These types of organisational culture tend to be predictable and mechanistic. They tend to believe that   it is better to stick to the known than embrace the unknown. The advantage of these cultures is that they are consistent and sustainable, and offer higher levels of job security. However this type of culture can limit the organisation’s ability to transform. Such cultures do not encourage innovativeness and creativity amongst employees,   and are slow to respond to changes in the environment. This type of organisation tends to be well- established, having been in operation for a long time. 5.Effects of Organisational Structures on its Ability to Transform Like organisational culture, the effects that organisational structures have on   change are varied. Some structures that support change, others do not. Organisational structures can be defined in several ways, for example the formalization, departmentalization and centralization frameworks, or in terms of the hierarchy levels within the structure (Covin Slevin, 1982). All these frameworks have aspects that facilitate organisational change and other aspects which suppress or limit the change. The centralisation framework suggests that centralized organisational structures are characterized by decisions being made at higher levels of the hierarchy. On the other hand, decisions in decentralized structures are made by people who are closest to the issues at hand (Carpenter et al., 2010). Of the two, the decentralized structure is likely to be more suitable for facilitating change. Formalization in organisational structures refers to the extent to which explicit articulation of rules, procedures and responsibilities exist within an organisation. Organisational structures with high levels of formalization have more written rules and regulations than those with lower levels. Because of this, innovativeness and creativity reduce as formalisation increases within the organisation (Juillerat, 2010). Thus, since innovation and creativity are synonymous with organisational transformation, lower levels of formality increase the transformation capability of organisations. The departmentalisation framework is divided into functional and divisional structures. Functional structures have departments based on responsibilities to be carried out., for example the marketing department. On the other hand, a divisional structure creates departments based on unique products in the organisation. Within each department is a replication of functional departments (Carpenter et al., 2010). Divisional structures facilitate organisational change more than functional structures, because they have increased innovation and creativity and reduced response time. Structures that are divided into many hierarchies between top and bottom (tall structures) slow down the decision making process within the organisation. On the other hand, organisations that have flat structures, with fewer hierarchies, have more equality between employees (Carpenter et al., 2010). Therefore, there is more flexibility, innovation and facilitation of change. As shown in all the frameworks above, organisational structures that delegate decision making to the larger employee body as opposed to concentrating it amongst a few managers at the top increase the ability of organisations to transform. 6.Conclusion This paper has highlighted the necessity of embracing change in the contemporary business world. It has also examined   models and theories that define organisational change. Organisational structures and cultures are vital components of any organisation and are considered to play a large role in determining the ability of organisations to transform. More stable, orderly and controlling organisational cultures tend to inhibit organisational transformation. On the other hand, cultures that are flexible and dynamic increase the capability of organisations to transform. With reference to organisational structures, those that delegate decision-making to employees are better suited for transformation than those that give a few managers the responsibility for decision making. Bibliography Alvesson, M., 2012. Understanding Organisational Culture. London: SAGE Publications. Bouckenooghe, D., 2010. Positioning Change Recipients’ Attitudes Toward Change in the Organisational Change Literature. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 46(4), pp.500-31. Burnes, B., 1996. Managing change: A strategic approach to organisational dynamics. London: Pitman. Carpenter, M., Bauer, T. Erdogan, B., 2010. Principles of Management. Flat World Knowledge. Covin, J.G. Slevin, D.P., 1982. The inï ¬â€šuence of organisational structure. Journal of Management Studies, 25, pp.217-34. Curran, C.J., 2005. Organisational Culture. Journal for Nonprofit Management: The Path to Better Organisations, pp.28-40. Daft, R.L., 2001. Organisation Theory and Design. Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishers. Daft, R.L. Murphy, J., 2010. Organisation: Theory and Design. Mason: Cengage Learning. Dawson, P., 2003. Understanding Organisational Change: The Contemporary Experience of People at Work. London: Sage. Ford, J.D., Ford, L.W. D’Amelio, A., 2008. Resistance to change: The rest of the Story. Academy of Management Review, 33, pp.362-77. Juillerat, T.L., 2010. Friends, not foes?: Work design and formalization in the modern work context. Journal of Organisational Behavior, 31(2-3), pp.216-39. Kezar, A.J., 2001. Understanding and Facilitating Organisational Change in the 21st Century. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, 28(4), pp.1-144. Myers, P., Hulks, S. Wiggins, L., 2012. Organisational Change: Perspectives on Theory and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Economics of carbon cap and trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics of carbon cap and trade - Essay Example al Protection Agency (EPA) is charged with responsibility of providing the federal and the central government with adequate information on the level of emissions as well as the greatest contributors towards such emissions. Some of the enactments include carbon tax, emission standards, fuel economy standard as well as carbon cap and trade (Ramseur, 205). Carbon cap and trade refers to a system of emission control that uses financial incentives with an aim of encouraging firms and organizations to minimize the level of carbon dioxide that they emit to the atmosphere. A major regulatory body such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets a general limit or a cap of carbon dioxide emissions in a particular year then assigns the figure to the major polluters based on the level that they are likely to emit. The firms that wish to emit more than their cap allows will be forced to buy permits from those firms that are currently emitting less than they are allowed to emit into the atmosphere. The permits are either bought directly from the companies or are bought and sold through electronic exchanges. This program has proved successful in the European Union countries resulting in huge revenues being raised by those governments thus boosting their economies as well as regulating the amount of carbon emissions. However in the United States, only few states have been able to implement it and the main concern being raised currently is whether the central government can adopt and implement it in the entire nation. The regulation has brought about sharp criticism from some members of the political class even as some seem to be in support of it. There are several implications that must be considered carefully before the program is established and therefore this research aims at considering the economic implications of the project. Economic conditions entail the manner by which implementation of carbon cap and trade policy will affect the economy in

Operation analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Operation analysis - Essay Example Thus, the proponent emphasises the two chosen measures of operational performance for McDonald’s by explaining their importance and their capacity to help manage McDonald’s operation effectively. Company Background The company is an international icon as the leading fast food chain restaurant operating in an international coverage. Thus, it is important to learn a little background about this company as far as global foodservice retailing and performance evaluation measures are concerned. There were 22 million people worldwide served by McDonald’s in 1994 (Lyon et al., 1994). This figure rose more than twice which correspondingly one of the most important bases why McDonald’s declares to be the leading global foodservice retailer (McDonald’s, 2011). McDonald’s does not only cater to the needs of the consumers, as well as its franchisers. The reason why McDonald’s continues to flaunt its achievements is to entice international franchise rs in order to continuously help the brand grow for the better. Today, there are more than 32,000 McDonald’s local restaurants in 117 countries which approximately cater around 60 million people. This alone is enough to entice local business persons to go for foodservice retailing through McDonald’s franchising. At present, 75% of McDonald’s restaurants are globally owned or operated by local business people. Among of the world’s favourites at McDonald’s are its world famous fries, big mac, quarter pounder, chicken mcnuggets, and egg mcmuffin. Ray Kroc, founder of McDonald’s had established a good foundation for the company. He was successful in passing on the vision from generation to generation. This makes McDonald’s one of the best companies that can remarkably give important insights on how a business should function according to the basic business principles and even in areas of complicated situations. McDonald’s without q uestion is good at establishing both its internal and external control. This paves way to probable interrelated relationship between the company’s management control system and its strategies (Kober et al., 2007). In every business, control is important because it paves way to strategic management system (Nilsson and Olve, 2001). It is in this reason that control has become one of the most important options in business operation in order to evaluate existing strategies prior to the achievement of corporate goals. It is in line with this that performance measurement and management control have become strongly related with each other prior to effectively enhancing efficient business operation (Epstein, 2004). Measures of Performance – McDonald’s The main content of this paper includes two general performance measures that can be applied in an organisation. Particularly, the proponent includes financial perspective and customer perspective as two general performanc e measures that can be applied at McDonald’s. These two measures are essential perspectives of the balanced scorecard as a set of performance measures from the company’s strategies in order to support its strategy and generally its operation in the long run (Garrison and Noreen, 2000). Financial Performance Measure In the midst of tough competition most firms are apt to stimulate needs for their service or product offerings (Kotler et al., 1999; Boone and Kurtz, 2006). This is eventually relevant in the case of McDonald’s. The current market trend demands for more healthy foods which eventually tries to ward off consumers from

How would you evaluate the preformance of a bank using piblished Essay

How would you evaluate the preformance of a bank using piblished accounting data . What other data would you use in this evaluation - Essay Example (Srinivasan, 2009). Financial ratio analysis is considered as one of the most important tools that are being used to evaluate the performance of any bank. It is important to note that the financial ratios for a bank are slightly different as compared to the typical ratio analysis for any manufacturing firm. Due to this basic difference, there are some additional ratios that are being computed for evaluating the basic performance of a bank. These ratios include net profit margin, provision for loan losses, loans to assets, capital adequacy etc which are computed in order to provide a deeper insight into the overall financial performance of any bank. This paper will discuss as to how the performance of a bank is evaluated and what are some of the tools including financial ratio analysis which can be used to effectively evaluate the performance of the bank and the type of data required to make such an analysis. Financial Ratio analysis is one of the leading tools that are being used to evaluate the performance of a bank. These are common sets of financial ratios that are used to compute various financial indicators and by making either trend analysis or industry comparison, the overall performance of the bank can be evaluated. These ratios are: Return on assets is computed by dividing the net income earned by the Bank with its total assets. This is an important ratio because it informs us about the overall efficiency of the bank’s assets i.e. how the total assets of the bank are used by the management in producing the desired results for its shareholders. Return on assets is also considered important ratio because it can be a better judge of the overall efficiency of the bank’s management i.e. if return on assets is low it can indicate that the overall management efficiency in utilizing the assets of the firm is not entirely up to the satisfaction and management shall improve its practices and internal